Genome of mesopolyploid crop Brassica rapa sheds new light on the study of genome evolution

ScienceDaily (Aug. 28, 2011) ? The Institute of Vegetables and Flowers Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and BGI, the world's largest genomics organization, announced that they were among the research organizations comprising the Brassica rapa Genome Sequencing Project Consortium (BrGSPC) that completed the genome sequence and analysis of the mesopolyploid crop B. rapa, a Chinese cabbage. The findings are published online in Nature Genetics. This study marks a significant milestone in Brassica crops genome research, providing a new important resource for studying the evolutionary history of polyploid genomes and opening a brand way for the genetic improvement of Brassica oil and vegetable crops.

Brassica crops are used for human nutrition and provide opportunities for the study of genome evolution. These crops include important vegetables (B. rapa, Brassica oleracea) as well as oilseed crops (Brassica napus, B. rapa, Brassica juncea and Brassica carinata), which contribute to approximately 10% of the world's vegetable crop produce and approximately 12% of the worldwide edible oil supplies. The species B. rapa is a major vegetable or oil crop in Asia and Europe. It also serves as an excellent model system to study polyploidy-related genome evolution because of its paleohexaploid ancestry and its close evolutionary relationships with Arabidopsis thaliana and other Brassica species with larger genomes.

Since the Brassica rapa Genome Sequencing Project (BrGSP) was initiated about three years ago, scientists from China, United Kingdom, USA, Korea, Canada, France and Australia have been working on the studies of B. rapa genome, aiming to assist botanists and breeders worldwide in improving production, quality, nutritional value and disease resistance of B. rapa varieties. In this project, Chinese Scientists have been playing a leading role by the advanced next-generation sequencing technology. In 2009, BrGSPC terminated all the sequencing plans and took the B. rapa genome sequenced by Chinese Scientists as B. rapa (Chinese cabbage) reference sequence.

With the advanced genome sequencing capability of BGI, B. rapa was sequenced and assembled by BGI's Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package, SOAPdenovo. The assembled Brassica rapa genome size was approximately 283.8 Mb, which was estimated to cover >98% of the gene space. After the annotation and analysis, 41,174 protein-coding genes were identified in B. rapa genome. So far, B. rapa is the closest sequenced species relatives to A. thaliana, and they show high similarity in functional genes, although they have undergone differentiation about 13 ~ 17 million years ago. The B. rapa genome sequence could lays an important foundation for better exploring structural and functional evolution of A. thaliana and other Brassica species.

The Brassica mesohexaploidy also offers an opportunity to study gene retention in triplicated genomes. In particular, variation in the number of members of gene families present in the genome may contribute to the remarkable morphological plasticity of Brassica species. Some auxin- related genes families also were expanded or some genes over retained, which may contribute to the evolution and development of morphological variants. In this study, the researchers also found that the genes associated with response to important environmental factors including salt, cold, osmotic stress, light, wounding, pathogen (broad spectrum) defense, and both cadmium and zinc ions, were evidently over retained. It suggested that genome triplication may have expanded gene families that underlie environmental adaptability as observed in other polyploid species.

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The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by Beijing Genomics Institute, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

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Journal Reference:

1. Xiaowu Wang, Hanzhong Wang, Jun Wang, Rifei Sun, Jian Wu, Shengyi Liu, Yinqi Bai, Jeong-Hwan Mun, Ian Bancroft, Feng Cheng, Sanwen Huang, Xixiang Li, Wei Hua, Junyi Wang, Xiyin Wang, Michael Freeling, J Chris Pires, Andrew H Paterson, Boulos Chalhoub, Bo Wang, Alice Hayward, Andrew G Sharpe, Beom-Seok Park, Bernd Weisshaar, Binghang Liu, Bo Li, Bo Liu, Chaobo Tong, Chi Song, Christopher Duran, Chunfang Peng, Chunyu Geng, Chushin Koh, Chuyu Lin, David Edwards, Desheng Mu, Di Shen, Eleni Soumpourou, Fei Li, Fiona Fraser, Gavin Conant, Gilles Lassalle, Graham J King, Guusje Bonnema, Haibao Tang, Haiping Wang, Harry Belcram, Heling Zhou, Hideki Hirakawa, Hiroshi Abe, Hui Guo, Hui Wang, Huizhe Jin, Isobel A P Parkin, Jacqueline Batley, Jeong-Sun Kim, J?r?my Just, Jianwen Li, Jiaohui Xu, Jie Deng, Jin A Kim, Jingping Li, Jingyin Yu, Jinling Meng, Jinpeng Wang, Jiumeng Min, Julie Poulain, Jun Wang, Katsunori Hatakeyama, Kui Wu, Li Wang, Lu Fang, Martin Trick, Matthew G Links, Meixia Zhao, Mina Jin, Nirala Ramchiary, Nizar Drou, Paul J Berkman, Qingle Cai, Quanfei Huang, Ruiqiang Li, Satoshi Tabata, Shifeng Cheng, Shu Zhang, Shujiang Zhang, Shunmou Huang, Shusei Sato, Silong Sun, Soo-Jin Kwon, Su-Ryun Choi, Tae-Ho Lee, Wei Fan, Xiang Zhao, Xu Tan, Xun Xu, Yan Wang, Yang Qiu, Ye Yin, Yingrui Li, Yongchen Du, Yongcui Liao, Yongpyo Lim, Yoshihiro Narusaka, Yupeng Wang, Zhenyi Wang, Zhenyu Li, Zhiwen Wang, Zhiyong Xiong, Zhonghua Zhang. The genome of the mesopolyploid crop species Brassica rapa. Nature Genetics, 2011; DOI: 10.1038/ng.919

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Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/DMQ8Ji_8P48/110828141035.htm

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